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DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.160303
- Contents
- Front matter
- 1 On being a patient
- 1 On being a patient
- 1.1 On being a patient
- 1 On being a patient
- 2 Modern medicine: foundations, achievements, and limitations
- 2 Modern medicine: foundations, achievements, and limitations
- 2.1 Scientific background to medicine
- 2.1 Scientific background to medicine
- 2.1.1 Science in medicine: when, how, and what
- 2.1.2 Evolution: medicine’s most basic science
- 2.1 Scientific background to medicine
- 2.2 Medical ethics
- 2.3 Evidence-based medicine
- 2.3 Evidence-based medicine
- 2.3.1 Bringing the best evidence to the point of care
- 2.3.2 Evidence-based medicine—does it apply to my particular patient?
- 2.3.3 Large-scale randomized evidence: trials and meta-analyses of trials
- 2.3.4 The future of clinical trials
- 2.3 Evidence-based medicine
- 2.4 Funding of health care
- 2.4.1 The evaluation and provision of effective medicines
- 2.4.2 Reasonableness and its definition in the provision of health care
- 2.4.3 Priority setting in developed and developing countries
- 2.4.4 Sustaining innovation in an era of specialized medicine
- 2.1 Scientific background to medicine
- 2.5 Complementary and alternative medicine
- 2 Modern medicine: foundations, achievements, and limitations
- 3 Global patterns of disease and medical practice
- 3 Global patterns of disease and medical practice
- 3.1 Global burden of disease: causes, levels, and intervention strategies
- 3.2 Human population size, environment, and health
- 3.3 Avoiding disease and promoting health
- 3.3 Avoiding disease and promoting health
- 3.3.1 Preventive medicine
- 3.3.2 Medical screening
- 3.3.3 The importance of mass communication in promoting positive health
- 3.3 Avoiding disease and promoting health
- 3.4 Inf luence of wealth
- 3.4 Inf luence of wealth
- 3.4.1 The cost of health care in Western countries
- 3.4.2 A sinister pathogen corrupts two disciplines: the demographic entrapment of Middle Africa
- 3.4 Inf luence of wealth
- 3.5 Human disasters
- 3 Global patterns of disease and medical practice
- 4 Cell biology
- 4 Cell biology
- 4.1 The cell
- 4.2 Molecular biology
- 4.2 Molecular biology
- 4.2.1 The human genome sequence
- 4.2.2 The genomic basis of medicine
- 4.2 Molecular biology
- 4.3 Cytokines
- 4.4 Ion channels and disease
- 4.5 Intracellular signalling
- 4.6 Apoptosis in health and disease
- 4.7 Discovery of embryonic stem cells and the concept of regenerative medicine
- 4.8 Stem cells and regenerative medicine
- 4 Cell biology
- 5 Immunological mechanisms
- 5 Immunological mechanisms
- 5.1 Structure and function
- 5.1 Structure and function
- 5.1.1 The innate immune system
- 5.1.2 The complement system
- 5.1.3 Adaptive immunity
- 5.1 Structure and function
- 5.2 Immunodeficiency
- 5.3 Allergy
- 5.4 Autoimmunity
- 5.5 Principles of transplantation immunology
- 5.1 Structure and function
- 5 Immunological mechanisms
- 6 Principles of clinical oncology
- 6 Principles of clinical oncology
- 6.1 Epidemiology of cancer
- 6.2 The nature and development of cancer
- 6.3 The genetics of inherited cancers
- 6.4 Cancer immunity and clinical oncology
- 6.5 Cancer: clinical features and management
- 6.6 Cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy
- 6 Principles of clinical oncology
- 7 Infection
- 7 Infection
- 7.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host
- 7.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host
- 7.1.1 Biology of pathogenic microorganisms
- 7.1.2 Physiological changes, clinical features, and general management of infected patients
- 7.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host
- 7.2 The patient with suspected infection
- 7.2 The patient with suspected infection
- 7.2.1 Clinical approach
- 7.2.2 Fever of unknown origin
- 7.2.3 Nosocomial infections
- 7.2.4 Infection in the immunocompromised host
- 7.2.5 Antimicrobial chemotherapy
- 7.2 The patient with suspected infection
- 7.3 Immunization
- 7.4 Travel and expedition medicine
- 7.5 Viruses
- 7.5 Viruses
- 7.5.1 Respiratory tract viruses
- 7.5.2 Herpesviruses (excluding Epstein–Barr virus)
- 7.5.3 Epstein–Barr virus
- 7.5.4 Poxviruses
- 7.5.5 Mumps: epidemic parotitis
- 7.5.6 Measles
- 7.5.7 Nipah and Hendra virus encephalitides
- 7.5.8 Enterovirus infections
- 7.5.9 Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting
- 7.5.10 Rhabdoviruses: rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses
- 7.5.11 Colorado tick fever and other arthropod-borne reoviruses
- 7.5.12 Alphaviruses
- 7.5.13 Rubella
- 7.5.14 Flaviviruses excluding dengue
- 7.5.15 Dengue
- 7.5.16 Bunyaviridae
- 7.5.17 Arenaviruses
- 7.5.18 Filoviruses
- 7.5.19 Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses
- 7.5.20 Parvovirus B19
- 7.5.21 Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus)
- 7.5.22 Hepatitis C
- 7.5.23 HIV/AIDS
- 7.5.24 HIV in the developing world
- 7.5.25 HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and associated diseases
- 7.5.26 Viruses and cancer
- 7.5.27 Orf
- 7.5.28 Molluscum contagiosum
- 7.5.29 Newly discovered viruses
- 7.5 Viruses
- 7.6 Bacteria
- 7.6 Bacteria
- 7.6.1 Diphtheria
- 7.6.2 Streptococci and enterococci
- 7.6.3 Pneumococcal infections
- 7.6.4 Staphylococci
- 7.6.5 Meningococcal infections
- 7.6.6 Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- 7.6.7 Enterobacteria
- 7.6.7 Enterobacteria
- 7.6.7.1 Enterobacteria and bacterial food poisoning
- 7.6.7.2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- 7.6.7 Enterobacteria
- 7.6.8 Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers
- 7.6.9 Intracellular klebsiella infections (donovanosis and rhinoscleroma)
- 7.6.10 Anaerobic bacteria
- 7.6.11 Cholera
- 7.6.12 Haemophilus influenzae
- 7.6.13 Haemophilus ducreyi and chancroid
- 7.6.14 Bordetella infection
- 7.6.15 Melioidosis and glanders
- 7.6.16 Plague: Yersinia pestis
- 7.6.17 Other Yersinia infections: yersiniosis
- 7.6.18 Pasteurella
- 7.6.19 Francisella tularensis infection
- 7.6.20 Anthrax
- 7.6.21 Brucellosis
- 7.6.22 Tetanus
- 7.6.23 Clostridium difficile
- 7.6.24 Botulism, gas gangrene, and clostridial gastrointestinal infections
- 7.6.25 Tuberculosis
- 7.6.26 Disease caused by environmental mycobacteria
- 7.6.27 Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)
- 7.6.28 Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans infection
- 7.6.29 Actinomycoses
- 7.6.30 Nocardiosis
- 7.6.31 Rat-bite fevers
- 7.6.32 Lyme borreliosis
- 7.6.33 Relapsing fevers
- 7.6.34 Leptospirosis
- 7.6.35 Nonvenereal endemic treponematoses: yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pinta
- 7.6.36 Syphilis
- 7.6.37 Listeriosis
- 7.6.38 Legionellosis and legionnaires’ disease
- 7.6.39 Rickettsioses
- 7.6.40 Scrub typhus
- 7.6.41 Coxiella burnetii infections (Q fever)
- 7.6.42 Bartonellas excluding B. bacilliformis
- 7.6.43 Bartonella bacilliformis infection
- 7.6.44 Chlamydial infections
- 7.6.45 Mycoplasmas
- 7.6.46 A check list of bacteria associated with infection in humans
- 7.6 Bacteria
- 7.7 Fungi (mycoses)
- 7.7 Fungi (mycoses)
- 7.7.1 Fungal infections
- 7.7.2 Cryptococcosis
- 7.7.3 Coccidioidomycosis
- 7.7.4 Paracoccidioidomycosis
- 7.7.5 Pneumocystis jirovecii
- 7.7.6 Penicillium marneffei infection
- 7.7 Fungi (mycoses)
- 7.8 Protozoa
- 7.8 Protozoa
- 7.8.1 Amoebic infections
- 7.8.2 Malaria
- 7.8.3 Babesiosis
- 7.8.4 Toxoplasmosis
- 7.8.5 Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis
- 7.8.6 Cyclospora and cyclosporiasis
- 7.8.7 Sarcocystosis (sarcosporidiosis)
- 7.8.8 Giardiasis, balantidiasis, isosporiasis, and microsporidiosis
- 7.8.9 Blastocystis hominis infection
- 7.8.10 Human African trypanosomiasis
- 7.8.11 Chagas disease
- 7.8.12 Leishmaniasis
- 7.8.13 Trichomoniasis
- 7.8 Protozoa
- 7.9 Nematodes (roundworms)
- 7.9 Nematodes (roundworms)
- 7.9.1 Cutaneous filariasis
- 7.9.2 Lymphatic filariasis
- 7.9.3 Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis)
- 7.9.4 Strongyloidiasis, hookworm, and other gut strongyloid nematodes
- 7.9.5 Gut and tissue nematode infections acquired by ingestion
- 7.9.6 Parastrongyliasis (angiostrongyliasis)
- 7.9.7 Gnathostomiasis
- 7.9 Nematodes (roundworms)
- 7.10 Cestodes (tapeworms)
- 7.10 Cestodes (tapeworms)
- 7.10.1 Cystic hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus)
- 7.10.2 Cyclophyllidian gut tapeworms
- 7.10.3 Cysticercosis
- 7.10.4 Diphyllobothriasis and sparganosis
- 7.10 Cestodes (tapeworms)
- 7.11 Trematodes (flukes)
- 7.11 Trematodes (flukes)
- 7.11.1 Schistosomiasis
- 7.11.2 Liver fluke infections
- 7.11.3 Lung flukes (paragonimiasis)
- 7.11.4 Intestinal trematodeinfections
- 7.11 Trematodes (flukes)
- 7.12 Nonvenomous arthropods
- 7.13 Pentastomiasis (porocephalosis, linguatulosis/linguatuliasis)
- 7.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host
- 7 Infection
- 8 Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual health
- 8 Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual health
- 8.1 Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections
- 8.2 Sexual behaviour
- 8.3 Sexual history and examination
- 8.4 Vaginal discharge
- 8.5 Pelvic inflammatory disease
- 8.6 Principles of contraception
- 8 Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual health
- 9 Chemical and physical injuries and environmental factors and disease
- 9 Chemical and physical injuries and environmental factors and disease
- 9.1 Poisoning by drugs and chemicals
- 9.2 Injuries, envenoming, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by animals
- 9.3 Injuries, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by plants
- 9.3 Injuries, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by plants
- 9.3.1 Poisonous plants and fungi
- 9.3.2 Common Indian poisonous plants
- 9.3 Injuries, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by plants
- 9.4 Occupational health and safety
- 9.4 Occupational health and safety
- 9.4.1 Occupational and environmental health
- 9.4.2 Occupational safety
- 9.4 Occupational health and safety
- 9.5 Environmental diseases
- 9.5 Environmental diseases
- 9.5.1 Heat
- 9.5.2 Cold
- 9.5.3 Drowning
- 9.5.4 Diseases of high terrestrial altitudes
- 9.5.5 Aerospace medicine
- 9.5.6 Diving medicine
- 9.5.7 Lightning and electrical injuries
- 9.5.8 Podoconiosis (nonfilarial elephantiasis)
- 9.5.9 Radiation
- 9.5.10 Noise
- 9.5.11 Vibration
- 9.5.12 Disasters: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, and floods
- 9.5.13 Bioterrorism
- 9.5 Environmental diseases
- 9 Chemical and physical injuries and environmental factors and disease
- 10 Clinical pharmacology
- 10 Clinical pharmacology
- 10.1 Principles of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy
- 10 Clinical pharmacology
- 11 Nutrition
- 11 Nutrition
- 11.1 Nutrition: macronutrient metabolism
- 11.2 Vitamins and trace elements
- 11.3 Severe malnutrition
- 11.4 Diseases of overnourished societies and the need for dietary change
- 11.5 Obesity
- 11.6 Artificial nutrition support
- 11 Nutrition
- 12 Metabolic disorders
- 12 Metabolic disorders
- 12.1 The inborn errors of metabolism: general aspects
- 12.2 Protein-dependent inborn errors of metabolism
- 12.3 Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
- 12.3 Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
- 12.3.1 Glycogen storage diseases
- 12.3.2 Inborn errors of fructose metabolism
- 12.3.3 Disorders of galactose, pentose, and pyruvate metabolism
- 12.3 Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
- 12.4 Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism
- 12.5 The porphyrias
- 12.6 Lipid and lipoprotein disorders
- 12.7 Trace metal disorders
- 12.7 Trace metal disorders
- 12.7.1 Hereditary haemochromatosis
- 12.7.2 Inherited diseases of copper metabolism: Wilson’s disease and Menkes’ disease
- 12.7 Trace metal disorders
- 12.8 Lysosomal disease
- 12.9 Disorders of peroxisomal metabolism in adults
- 12.10 Hereditary disorders of oxalate metabolism—the primary hyperoxalurias
- 12.11 Disturbances of acid–base homeostasis
- 12.12 The acute phase response, amyloidoses and familial Mediterranean fever
- 12.12 The acute phase response, amyloidoses and familial Mediterranean fever
- 12.12.1 The acute phase response and C-reactive protein
- 12.12.2 Hereditary periodic fever syndromes
- 12.12.3 Amyloidosis
- 12.12 The acute phase response, amyloidoses and familial Mediterranean fever
- 12.13 α1-Antitrypsin deficiency and the serpinopathies
- 12 Metabolic disorders
- 13 Endocrine disorders
- 13 Endocrine disorders
- 13.1 Principles of hormone action
- 13.2 Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland
- 13.3 Disorders of the posterior pituitary gland
- 13.4 The thyroid gland and disorders of thyroid function
- 13.5 Thyroid cancer
- 13.6 Parathyroid disorders and diseases altering calcium metabolism
- 13.7 Adrenal disorders
- 13.7 Adrenal disorders
- 13.7.1 Disorders of the adrenal cortex
- 13.7.2 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- 13.7 Adrenal disorders
- 13.8 The reproductive system
- 13.8 The reproductive system
- 13.8.1 Ovarian disorders
- 13.8.2 Disorders of male reproduction
- 13.8.3 Breast cancer
- 13.8.4 Benign breast disease
- 13.8.5 Sexual dysfunction
- 13.8 The reproductive system
- 13.9 Disorders of growth and development
- 13.9 Disorders of growth and development
- 13.9.1 Normal growth and its disorders
- 13.9.2 Puberty
- 13.9.3 Normal and abnormal sexual differentiation
- 13.9 Disorders of growth and development
- 13.10 Pancreatic endocrine disorders and multiple endocrine neoplasia
- 13.11 Disorders of glucose homeostasis
- 13.11 Disorders of glucose homeostasis
- 13.11.1 Diabetes
- 13.11.2 Hypoglycaemia
- 13.11 Disorders of glucose homeostasis
- 13.12 Hormonal manifestations of nonendocrine disease
- 13.13 The pineal gland and melatonin
- 13 Endocrine disorders
- 14 Medical disorders in pregnancy
- 14 Medical disorders in pregnancy
- 14.1 Physiological changes of normal pregnancy
- 14.2 Nutrition in pregnancy
- 14.3 Medical management of normal pregnancy
- 14.4 Hypertension in pregnancy
- 14.5 Renal disease in pregnancy
- 14.6 Heart disease in pregnancy
- 14.7 Thrombosis in pregnancy
- 14.8 Chest diseases in pregnancy
- 14.9 Liver and gastrointestinal diseases in pregnancy
- 14.10 Diabetes in pregnancy
- 14.11 Endocrine disease in pregnancy
- 14.12 Neurological disease in pregnancy
- 14.13 The skin in pregnancy
- 14.14 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitis in pregnancy
- 14.15 Infections in pregnancy
- 14.16 Blood disorders specific to pregnancy
- 14.17 Malignant disease in pregnancy
- 14.18 Prescribing in pregnancy
- 14.19 Benefits and risks of oral contraception
- 14.20 Benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy
- 14 Medical disorders in pregnancy
- 15 Gastroenterological disorders
- 15 Gastroenterological disorders
- 15.1 Structure and function of the gut
- 15.2 Symptomatology of gastrointestinal disease
- 15.3 Methods for investigation of gastrointestinal disease
- 15.3 Methods for investigation of gastrointestinal disease
- 15.3.1 Colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy
- 15.3.2 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
- 15.3.3 Radiology of the gastrointestinal tract
- 15.3.4 Investigation of gastrointestinal function
- 15.3 Methods for investigation of gastrointestinal disease
- 15.4 Common acute abdominal presentations
- 15.4 Common acute abdominal presentations
- 15.4.1 The acute abdomen
- 15.4.2 Gastrointestinal bleeding
- 15.4 Common acute abdominal presentations
- 15.5 Immune disorders of the gastrointestinal tract
- 15.6 The mouth and salivary glands
- 15.7 Diseases of the oesophagus
- 15.8 Peptic ulcer disease
- 15.9 Hormones and the gastrointestinal tract
- 15.10 Malabsorption
- 15.10 Malabsorption
- 15.10.1 Differential diagnosis and investigation of malabsorption
- 15.10.2 Small-bowel bacterial overgrowth
- 15.10.3 Coeliac disease
- 15.10.4 Gastrointestinal lymphoma
- 15.10.5 Disaccharidase deficiency
- 15.10.6 Whipple’s disease
- 15.10.7 Effects of massive small bowel resection
- 15.10.8 Malabsorption syndromes in the tropics
- 15.10 Malabsorption
- 15.11 Crohn’s disease
- 15.12 Ulcerative colitis
- 15.13 Irritable bowel syndrome and functional bowel disorders
- 15.14 Colonic diverticular disease
- 15.15 Congenital abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract
- 15.16 Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract
- 15.17 Vascular and collagen disorders
- 15.18 Gastrointestinal infections
- 15.19 Structure and function of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas
- 15.20 Jaundice
- 15.21 Hepatitis and autoimmune liver disease
- 15.21 Hepatitis and autoimmune liver disease
- 15.21.1 Viral hepatitis—clinical aspects
- 15.21.2 Autoimmune hepatitis
- 15.21.3 Primary biliary cirrhosis
- 15.21.4 Primary sclerosing cholangitis
- 15.21 Hepatitis and autoimmune liver disease
- 15.22 Other disorders of the liver
- 15.22 Other disorders of the liver
- 15.22.1 Alcoholic liver disease
- 15.22.2 Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- 15.22.3 Cirrhosis and ascites
- 15.22.4 Hepatocellular failure
- 15.22.5 Liver transplantation
- 15.22.6 Liver tumours—primary and secondary
- 15.22.7 Hepatic granulomas
- 15.22.8 Drugs and liver damage
- 15.22.9 The liver in systemic disease
- 15.22 Other disorders of the liver
- 15.23 Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tree
- 15.24 Diseases of the pancreas
- 15.24 Diseases of the pancreas
- 15.24.1 Acute pancreatitis
- 15.24.2 Chronic pancreatitis
- 15.24.3 Tumours of the pancreas
- 15.24 Diseases of the pancreas
- 15.25 Congenital disorders of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas
- 15.26 Miscellaneous disorders of the bowel and liver
- 15 Gastroenterological disorders
- 16 Cardiovascular disorders
- 16 Cardiovascular disorders
- 16.1 Structure and function
- 16.1 Structure and function
- 16.1.1 Blood vessels and the endothelium
- 16.1.2 Cardiac myocytes and the cardiac action potential
- 16.1.3 Clinical physiology of the normal heart
- 16.1 Structure and function
- 16.2 Clinical presentation of heart disease
- 16.2 Clinical presentation of heart disease
- 16.2.1 Chest pain, breathlessness, and fatigue
- 16.2.2 Syncope and palpitations
- 16.2 Clinical presentation of heart disease
- 16.3 Clinical investigation of cardiac disorders
- 16.3 Clinical investigation of cardiac disorders
- 16.3.1 Electrocardiography
- 16.3.2 Echocardiography
- 16.3.3 Cardiac investigation—nuclear and other imaging techniques
- 16.3.4 Cardiac catheterization and angiography
- 16.3 Clinical investigation of cardiac disorders
- 16.4 Cardiac arrhythmias
- 16.5 Cardiac failure
- 16.5 Cardiac failure
- 16.5.1 Clinical features and medical treatments
- 16.5.2 Cardiac transplantation and mechanical circulatory support
- 16.5 Cardiac failure
- 16.6 Heart valve disease
- 16.7 Diseases of heart muscle
- 16.7 Diseases of heart muscle
- 16.7.1 Myocarditis
- 16.7.2 The cardiomyopathies: hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive, and right ventricular
- 16.7.3 Specific heart muscle disorders
- 16.7 Diseases of heart muscle
- 16.8 Pericardial disease
- 16.9 Cardiac involvement in infectious disease
- 16.9 Cardiac involvement in infectious disease
- 16.9.1 Acute rheumatic fever
- 16.9.2 Infective endocarditis
- 16.9.3 Cardiac disease in HIV infection
- 16.9.4 Cardiovascular syphilis
- 16.9 Cardiac involvement in infectious disease
- 16.10 Tumours of the heart
- 16.11 Cardiac involvement in genetic disease
- 16.12 Congenital heart disease in the adult
- 16.13 Coronary heart disease
- 16.13 Coronary heart disease
- 16.13.1 Biology and pathology of atherosclerosis
- 16.13.2 Coronary heart disease: epidemiology and prevention
- 16.13.3 Influences acting in utero and in early childhood
- 16.13.4 Management of stable angina
- 16.13.5 Management of acute coronary syndrome
- 16.13.6 Percutaneous interventional cardiac procedures
- 16.13.7 Coronary artery bypass surgery
- 16.13.8 The impact of coronary heart disease on life and work
- 16.13 Coronary heart disease
- 16.14 Diseases of the arteries
- 16.14 Diseases of the arteries
- 16.14.1 Thoracic aortic dissection
- 16.14.2 Peripheral arterial disease
- 16.14.3 Cholesterol embolism
- 16.14.4 Takayasu’s arteritis
- 16.14 Diseases of the arteries
- 16.15 The pulmonary circulation
- 16.15 The pulmonary circulation
- 16.15.1 Structure and function
- 16.15.2 Pulmonary hypertension
- 16.15.3 Pulmonary oedema
- 16.15 The pulmonary circulation
- 16.16 Venous thromboembolism
- 16.16 Venous thromboembolism
- 16.16.1 Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
- 16.16.2 Therapeutic anticoagulation
- 16.16 Venous thromboembolism
- 16.17 Hypertension
- 16.17 Hypertension
- 16.17.1 Essential hypertension—definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology
- 16.17.2 Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of essential hypertension
- 16.17.3 Secondary hypertension
- 16.17.4 Mendelian disorders causing hypertension
- 16.17.5 Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies
- 16.17 Hypertension
- 16.18 Chronic peripheral oedema and lymphoedema
- 16.19 Idiopathic oedema of women
- 16.1 Structure and function
- 16 Cardiovascular disorders
- 17 Critical care medicine
- 17 Critical care medicine
- 17.1 Cardiac arrest
- 17.2 Anaphylaxis
- 17.3 The clinical approach to the patient who is very ill
- 17.4 Circulation and circulatory support in the critically ill
- 17.5 Acute respiratory failure
- 17.6 Management of raised intracranial pressure
- 17.7 Sedation and analgesia in the critically ill
- 17.8 Discontinuing treatment of the critically ill patient
- 17.9 Brainstem death and organ donation
- 17 Critical care medicine
- 18 Respiratory disorders
- 18 Respiratory disorders
- 18.1 Structure and function
- 18.1 Structure and function
- 18.1.1 The upper respiratory tract
- 18.1.2 Airways and alveoli
- 18.1 Structure and function
- 18.2 The clinical presentation of respiratory disease
- 18.3 Clinical investigation of respiratory disorders
- 18.3 Clinical investigation of respiratory disorders
- 18.3.1 Respiratory function tests
- 18.3.2 Thoracic imaging
- 18.3.3 Bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, and tissue biopsy
- 18.3 Clinical investigation of respiratory disorders
- 18.4 Respiratory infection
- 18.4 Respiratory infection
- 18.4.1 Upper respiratory tract infections
- 18.4.2 Pneumonia in the normal host
- 18.4.3 Nosocomial pneumonia
- 18.4.4 Pulmonary complications of HIV infection
- 18.4 Respiratory infection
- 18.5 The upper respiratory tract
- 18.5 The upper respiratory tract
- 18.5.1 Upper airways obstruction
- 18.5.2 Sleep-related disorders of breathing
- 18.5 The upper respiratory tract
- 18.6 Allergic rhinitis
- 18.7 Asthma
- 18.8 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- 18.9 Bronchiectasis
- 18.10 Cystic fibrosis
- 18.11 Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases
- 18.11 Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases
- 18.11.1 Diffuse parenchymal lung disease: an introduction
- 18.11.2 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- 18.11.3 Bronchiolitis obliterans and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
- 18.11.4 The lung in autoimmune rheumatic disorders
- 18.11.5 The lung in vasculitis
- 18.11 Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases
- 18.12 Sarcoidosis
- 18.13 Pneumoconioses
- 18.14 Miscellaneous conditions
- 18.14 Miscellaneous conditions
- 18.14.1 Pulmonary haemorrhagic disorders
- 18.14.2 Eosinophilic pneumonia
- 18.14.3 Lymphocytic infiltrations of the lung
- 18.14.4 Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
- 18.14.5 Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis
- 18.14.6 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
- 18.14.7 Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
- 18.14.8 Pulmonary amyloidosis
- 18.14.9 Lipoid (lipid) pneumonia
- 18.14.10 Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis
- 18.14.11 Toxic gases and aerosols
- 18.14.12 Radiation pneumonitis
- 18.14.13 Drug-induced lung disease
- 18.14 Miscellaneous conditions
- 18.15 Chronic respiratory failure
- 18.16 Lung transplantation
- 18.17 Pleural diseases
- 18.18 Disorders of the thoracic cage and diaphragm
- 18.19 Malignant diseases
- 18.19 Malignant diseases
- 18.19.1 Lung cancer
- 18.19.2 Pulmonary metastases
- 18.19.3 Pleural tumours
- 18.19.4 Mediastinal cysts and tumours
- 18.19 Malignant diseases
- 18.1 Structure and function
- 18 Respiratory disorders
- 19 Rheumatological disorders
- 19 Rheumatological disorders
- 19.1 Structure and function: joints and connective tissue
- 19.2 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of rheumatic disease
- 19.3 Clinical investigation
- 19.4 Back pain and regional disorders
- 19.5 Rheumatoid arthritis
- 19.6 Ankylosing spondylitis, other spondyloarthritides, and related conditions
- 19.7 Pyogenic arthritis
- 19.8 Reactive arthritis
- 19.9 Osteoarthritis
- 19.10 Crystal-related arthropathies
- 19.11 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitides
- 19.11 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitides
- 19.11.1 Introduction
- 19.11.2 Systemic lupus erythematosus and related disorders
- 19.11.3 Systemic sclerosis
- 19.11.4 Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis
- 19.11.5 Behçet’s syndrome
- 19.11.6 Sjögren’s syndrome
- 19.11.7 Polymyositis and dermatomyositis
- 19.11.8 Kawasaki’s disease
- 19.11 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitides
- 19.12 Miscellaneous conditions presenting to the rheumatologist
- 19 Rheumatological disorders
- 20 Disorders of the skeleton
- 20 Disorders of the skeleton
- 20.1 Skeletal disorders—general approach and clinical conditions
- 20.2 Inherited defects of connective tissue: Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum
- 20.3 Osteomyelitis
- 20.4 Osteoporosis
- 20.5 Osteonecrosis, osteochondrosis, and osteochondritis dissecans
- 20 Disorders of the skeleton
- 21 Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract
- 21 Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract
- 21.1 Structure and function of the kidney
- 21.2 Electrolyte disorders
- 21.2 Electrolyte disorders
- 21.2.1 Disorders of water and sodium homeostasis
- 21.2 Electrolyte disorders
- 21.3 Clinical presentation of renal disease
- 21.4 Clinical investigation of renal disease
- 21.5 Acute kidney injury
- 21.6 Chronic kidney disease
- 21.7 Renal replacement therapy
- 21.7 Renal replacement therapy
- 21.7.1 Haemodialysis
- 21.7.2 Peritoneal dialysis
- 21.7.3 Renal transplantation
- 21.7 Renal replacement therapy
- 21.8 Glomerular diseases
- 21.8 Glomerular diseases
- 21.8.1 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy and Henoch–Schönlein purpura
- 21.8.2 Thin membrane nephropathy
- 21.8.3 Minimal-change nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- 21.8.4 Membranous nephropathy
- 21.8.5 Proliferative glomerulonephritis
- 21.8.6 Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis
- 21.8.7 Antiglomerular basement membrane disease
- 21.8 Glomerular diseases
- 21.9 Tubulointerstitial diseases
- 21.9 Tubulointerstitial diseases
- 21.9.1 Acute interstitial nephritis
- 21.9.2 Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis
- 21.9 Tubulointerstitial diseases
- 21.10 The kidney in systemic disease
- 21.10 The kidney in systemic disease
- 21.10.1 Diabetes mellitus and the kidney
- 21.10.2 The kidney in systemic vasculitis
- 21.10.3 The kidney in rheumatological disorders
- 21.10.4 Renal involvement in plasma cell dyscrasias, immunoglobulin-based amyloidoses, and fibrillary glomerulopathies, lymphomas, and leukaemias
- 21.10.5 Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
- 21.10.6 Sickle-cell disease and the kidney
- 21.10.7 Infection-associated nephropathies
- 21.10.8 Malignancy-associated renal disease
- 21.10.9 Atherosclerotic renovascular disease
- 21.10 The kidney in systemic disease
- 21.11 Renal diseases in the tropics
- 21.12 Renal involvement in genetic disease
- 21.13 Urinary tract infection
- 21.14 Disorders of renal calcium handling, urinary stones, and nephrocalcinosis
- 21.15 The renal tubular acidoses
- 21.16 Disorders of tubular electrolyte handling
- 21.17 Urinary tract obstruction
- 21.18 Malignant diseases of the urinary tract
- 21.19 Drugs and the kidney
- 21 Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract
- 22 Disorders of the blood
- 22 Disorders of the blood
- 22.1 Introduction
- 22.2 Haemopoietic stem cells
- 22.2 Haemopoietic stem cells
- 22.2.1 Stem cells and haemopoiesis
- 22.2.2 Haemopoietic stem cell disorders
- 22.2 Haemopoietic stem cells
- 22.3 The leukaemias and other bone marrow disorders
- 22.3 The leukaemias and other bone marrow disorders
- 22.3.1 Cell and molecular biology of human leukaemias
- 22.3.2 The classification of leukaemia
- 22.3.3 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
- 22.3.4 Acute myeloid leukaemia
- 22.3.5 Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and other leukaemias of mature B and T cells
- 22.3.6 Chronic myeloid leukaemia
- 22.3.7 Myelodysplasia
- 22.3.8 The polycythaemias
- 22.3.9 Idiopathic myelofibrosis
- 22.3.10 Thrombocytosis
- 22.3.11 Aplastic anaemia and other causes of bone marrow failure
- 22.3.12 Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
- 22.3 The leukaemias and other bone marrow disorders
- 22.4 The white cells and lymphoproliferative disorders
- 22.4 The white cells and lymphoproliferative disorders
- 22.4.1 Leucocytes in health and disease
- 22.4.2 Introduction to the lymphoproliferative disorders
- 22.4.3 Lymphoma
- 22.4.4 The spleen and its disorders
- 22.4.5 Myeloma and paraproteinaemias
- 22.4.6 Eosinophilia
- 22.4.7 Histiocytoses
- 22.4 The white cells and lymphoproliferative disorders
- 22.5 The red cell
- 22.5 The red cell
- 22.5.1 Erythropoiesis and the normal red cell
- 22.5.2 Anaemia: pathophysiology, classification, and clinical features
- 22.5.3 Anaemia as a challenge to world health
- 22.5.4 Iron metabolism and its disorders
- 22.5.5 Normochromic, normocytic anaemia
- 22.5.6 Megaloblastic anaemia and miscellaneous deficiency anaemias
- 22.5.7 Disorders of the synthesis or function of haemoglobin
- 22.5.8 Anaemias resulting from defective maturation of red cells
- 22.5.9 Haemolytic anaemia—congenital and acquired
- 22.5.10 Disorders of the red cell membrane
- 22.5.11 Erythrocyte enzymopathies
- 22.5.12 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
- 22.5 The red cell
- 22.6 Haemostasis and thrombosis
- 22.6 Haemostasis and thrombosis
- 22.6.1 The biology of haemostasis and thrombosis
- 22.6.2 Evaluation of the patient with a bleeding tendency
- 22.6.3 Disorders of platelet number and function
- 22.6.4 Genetic disorders of coagulation
- 22.6.5 Acquired coagulation disorders
- 22.6 Haemostasis and thrombosis
- 22.7 The blood in systemic disease
- 22.8 Blood replacement
- 22.8 Blood replacement
- 22.8.1 Blood transfusion
- 22.8.2 Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation
- 22.8 Blood replacement
- 22 Disorders of the blood
- 23 Disorders of the skin
- 23 Disorders of the skin
- 23.1 Structure and function of skin
- 23.2 Clinical approach to the diagnosis of skin disease
- 23.3 Inherited skin disease
- 23.4 Vesiculobullous disease
- 23.5 Papulosquamous disease
- 23.6 Dermatitis/eczema
- 23.7 Cutaneous vasculitis, connective tissue diseases, and urticaria
- 23.8 Disorders of pigmentation
- 23.9 Photosensitivity
- 23.10 Infections and the skin
- 23.11 Sebaceous and sweat gland disorders
- 23.12 Blood and lymphatic vessel disorders
- 23.13 Hair and nail disorders
- 23.14 Tumours of the skin
- 23.15 Skin and systemic diseases
- 23.16 Cutaneous reactions to drugs
- 23.17 Management of skin disease
- 23 Disorders of the skin
- 24 Neurological disorders
- 24 Neurological disorders
- 24.1 Introduction and approach to the patient with neurological disease
- 24.2 Mind and brain: building bridges linking neurology, psychiatry, and psychology
- 24.3 Clinical investigation of neurological disease
- 24.3 Clinical investigation of neurological disease
- 24.3.1 Lumbar puncture
- 24.3.2 Electrophysiology of the central and peripheral nervous systems
- 24.3.3 Imaging in neurological diseases
- 24.3.4 Investigation of central motor pathways: magnetic brain stimulation
- 24.3 Clinical investigation of neurological disease
- 24.4 Higher cerebral function
- 24.4 Higher cerebral function
- 24.4.1 Disturbances of higher cerebral function
- 24.4.2 Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
- 24.4 Higher cerebral function
- 24.5
Epilepsy and disorders of consciousness
- 24.5 Epilepsy and disorders of consciousness
- 24.5.1 Epilepsy in later childhood and adulthood
- 24.5.2 Narcolepsy
- 24.5.3 Sleep disorders
- 24.5.4 Syncope
- 24.5.5 The unconscious patient
- 24.5.6 Brain death and the vegetative state
- 24.5 Epilepsy and disorders of consciousness
- 24.6 Disorders of the special senses
- 24.6 Disorders of the special senses
- 24.6.1 Visual pathways
- 24.6.2 Eye movements and balance
- 24.6.3 Hearing
- 24.6 Disorders of the special senses
- 24.7
Disorders of movement
- 24.7 Disorders of movement
- 24.7.1 Subcortical structures: the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and thalamus
- 24.7.2 Parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal diseases
- 24.7.3 Movement disorders other than Parkinson’s disease
- 24.7.4 Ataxic disorders
- 24.7 Disorders of movement
- 24.8 Headache
- 24.9 Brainstem syndromes
- 24.10 Specific conditions affecting the central nervous system
- 24.10 Specific conditions affecting the central nervous system
- 24.10.1 Stroke: cerebrovascular disease
- 24.10.2 Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system
- 24.10.3 Traumatic injuries to the head
- 24.10.4 Intracranial tumours
- 24.10.5 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
- 24.10 Specific conditions affecting the central nervous system
- 24.11 Infections of the central nervous system
- 24.11 Infections of the central nervous system
- 24.11.1 Bacterial infections
- 24.11.2 Viral infections
- 24.11.3 Intracranial abscesses
- 24.11.4 Neurosyphilis and neuro-AIDS
- 24.11.5 Human prion diseases
- 24.11 Infections of the central nervous system
- 24.12 Disorders of cranial nerves
- 24.13 Disorders of the spinal cord
- 24.13 Disorders of the spinal cord
- 24.13.1 Diseases of the spinal cord
- 24.13.2 Spinal cord injury and its management
- 24.13 Disorders of the spinal cord
- 24.14 Diseases of the autonomic nervous system
- 24.15 The motor neuron diseases
- 24.16 Diseases of the peripheral nerves
- 24.17 Inherited neurodegenerative diseases
- 24.18 Developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system
- 24.19 Acquired metabolic disorders and the nervous system
- 24.20 Neurological complications of systemic disease
- 24.21 Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes
- 24.22 Autoimmune limbic encephalitis and Morvan’s syndrome
- 24.23 Disorders of the neuromuscular junction
- 24.24 Disorders of muscle
- 24.24 Disorders of muscle
- 24.24.1 Structure and function of muscle
- 24.24.2 Muscular dystrophy
- 24.24.3 Myotonia
- 24.24.4 Metabolic and endocrine disorders
- 24.24.5 Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies
- 24.24.6 Primary (tropical) pyomyositis
- 24.24 Disorders of muscle
- 24 Neurological disorders
- 25 The eye
- 25 The eye
- 25.1 The eye in general medicine
- 25 The eye
- 26 Psychiatry and drug related problems
- 26 Psychiatry and drug related problems
- 26.1 General introduction
- 26.2 Taking a psychiatric history from a medical patient
- 26.3 Acute behavioural emergencies
- 26.4 Neuropsychiatric disorders
- 26.5 Psychiatric disorders as they concern the physician
- 26.5 Psychiatric disorders as they concern the physician
- 26.5.1 Grief, stress, and post-traumatic stress disorder
- 26.5.2 The patient who has attempted suicide
- 26.5.3 Medically unexplained symptoms in patients attending medical clinics
- 26.5.4 Chronic fatigue syndrome (postviral fatigue syndrome, neurasthenia, and myalgic encephalomyelitis)
- 26.5.5 Anxiety and depression
- 26.5.6 Eating disorders
- 26.5.7 Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and personality disorder
- 26.5 Psychiatric disorders as they concern the physician
- 26.6 Psychiatric treatments
- 26.6 Psychiatric treatments
- 26.6.1 Psychopharmacology in medical practice
- 26.6.2 Psychological treatment in medical practice
- 26.6 Psychiatric treatments
- 26.7 Alcohol and drug-relatedproblems
- 26.7 Alcohol and drug-relatedproblems
- 26.7.1 Alcohol and drug dependence
- 26.7.2 Brief interventions against excessive alcohol consumption
- 26.7 Alcohol and drug-relatedproblems
- 26 Psychiatry and drug related problems
- 27 Forensic medicine
- 27 Forensic medicine
- 27.1 Forensic medicine and the practising doctor
- 27 Forensic medicine
- 28 Sports medicine
- 28 Sports medicine
- 28.1 Sports and exercise medicine
- 28 Sports medicine
- 29 Geratology
- 29 Geratology
- 29.1 Medicine in old age
- 29.2 Mental disorders of old age
- 29 Geratology
- 30 Pain
- 30 Pain
- 30.1 Dealing with pain
- 30 Pain
- 31 Palliative medicine
- 31 Palliative medicine
- 31.1 Palliative care
- 31 Palliative medicine
- 32 Biochemistry in medicine
- 32 Biochemistry in medicine
- 32.1 Biochemistry in medicine—reference intervals: the use of biochemical analysis for diagnosis and management
- 32 Biochemistry in medicine
- 33 Acute medicine
- 33 Acute medicine
- 33.1 Acute medical presentations
- 33.2 Practical procedures
- 33 Acute medicine
5th Edition
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