Essentials
Introduction
Physiological considerations
Definition
Classification
Presentation
Management of the stuporose/comatose hypoglycaemic patient
Management of the asymptomatic patient suspected of having a hypoglycaemic disorder
Hyperinsulinism
Non-islet-cell tumour hypoglycaemia (NICTH)
Postprandial syndrome
Autoimmune hypoglycaemia
Drug and toxin-induced hypoglycaemia
Accidental, factitious, and felonious hypoglycaemia
Organ failure
Endocrine hypoglycaemia
Inborn errors of metabolism
Further reading
- Contents
- Front matter
- 1 On being a patient
- 1 On being a patient
- 1.1 On being a patient
- 1 On being a patient
- 2 Modern medicine: foundations, achievements, and limitations
- 2 Modern medicine: foundations, achievements, and limitations
- 2.1 Scientific background to medicine
- 2.1 Scientific background to medicine
- 2.1.1 Science in medicine: when, how, and what
- 2.1.2 Evolution: medicine’s most basic science
- 2.1 Scientific background to medicine
- 2.2 Medical ethics
- 2.3 Evidence-based medicine
- 2.3 Evidence-based medicine
- 2.3.1 Bringing the best evidence to the point of care
- 2.3.2 Evidence-based medicine—does it apply to my particular patient?
- 2.3.3 Large-scale randomized evidence: trials and meta-analyses of trials
- 2.3.4 The future of clinical trials
- 2.3 Evidence-based medicine
- 2.4 Funding of health care
- 2.4 Funding of health care
- 2.4.1 The evaluation and provision of effective medicines
- 2.4.2 Reasonableness and its definition in the provision of health care
- 2.4.3 Priority setting in developed and developing countries
- 2.4.4 Sustaining innovation in an era of specialized medicine
- 2.4 Funding of health care
- 2.5 Complementary and alternative medicine
- 2.1 Scientific background to medicine
- 2 Modern medicine: foundations, achievements, and limitations
- 3 Global patterns of disease and medical practice
- 3 Global patterns of disease and medical practice
- 3.1 Global burden of disease: causes, levels, and intervention strategies
- 3.2 Human population size, environment, and health
- 3.3 Avoiding disease and promoting health
- 3.3 Avoiding disease and promoting health
- 3.3.1 Preventive medicine
- 3.3.2 Medical screening
- 3.3.3 The importance of mass communication in promoting positive health
- 3.3 Avoiding disease and promoting health
- 3.4 Inf luence of wealth
- 3.4 Inf luence of wealth
- 3.4.1 The cost of health care in Western countries
- 3.4.2 A sinister pathogen corrupts two disciplines: the demographic entrapment of Middle Africa
- 3.4 Inf luence of wealth
- 3.5 Human disasters
- 3 Global patterns of disease and medical practice
- 4 Cell biology
- 4 Cell biology
- 4.1 The cell
- 4.2 Molecular biology
- 4.2 Molecular biology
- 4.2.1 The human genome sequence
- 4.2.2 The genomic basis of medicine
- 4.2 Molecular biology
- 4.3 Cytokines
- 4.4 Ion channels and disease
- 4.5 Intracellular signalling
- 4.6 Apoptosis in health and disease
- 4.7 Discovery of embryonic stem cells and the concept of regenerative medicine
- 4.8 Stem cells and regenerative medicine
- 4 Cell biology
- 5 Immunological mechanisms
- 5 Immunological mechanisms
- 5.1 Structure and function
- 5.1 Structure and function
- 5.1.1 The innate immune system
- 5.1.2 The complement system
- 5.1.3 Adaptive immunity
- 5.1 Structure and function
- 5.2 Immunodeficiency
- 5.3 Allergy
- 5.4 Autoimmunity
- 5.5 Principles of transplantation immunology
- 5.1 Structure and function
- 5 Immunological mechanisms
- 6 Principles of clinical oncology
- 6 Principles of clinical oncology
- 6.1 Epidemiology of cancer
- 6.2 The nature and development of cancer
- 6.3 The genetics of inherited cancers
- 6.4 Cancer immunity and clinical oncology
- 6.5 Cancer: clinical features and management
- 6.6 Cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy
- 6 Principles of clinical oncology
- 7 Infection
- 7 Infection
- 7.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host
- 7.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host
- 7.1.1 Biology of pathogenic microorganisms
- 7.1.2 Physiological changes, clinical features, and general management of infected patients
- 7.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host
- 7.2 The patient with suspected infection
- 7.2 The patient with suspected infection
- 7.2.1 Clinical approach
- 7.2.2 Fever of unknown origin
- 7.2.3 Nosocomial infections
- 7.2.4 Infection in the immunocompromised host
- 7.2.5 Antimicrobial chemotherapy
- 7.2 The patient with suspected infection
- 7.3 Immunization
- 7.4 Travel and expedition medicine
- 7.5 Viruses
- 7.5 Viruses
- 7.5.1 Respiratory tract viruses
- 7.5.2 Herpesviruses (excluding Epstein–Barr virus)
- 7.5.3 Epstein–Barr virus
- 7.5.4 Poxviruses
- 7.5.5 Mumps: epidemic parotitis
- 7.5.6 Measles
- 7.5.7 Nipah and Hendra virus encephalitides
- 7.5.8 Enterovirus infections
- 7.5.9 Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting
- 7.5.10 Rhabdoviruses: rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses
- 7.5.11 Colorado tick fever and other arthropod-borne reoviruses
- 7.5.12 Alphaviruses
- 7.5.13 Rubella
- 7.5.14 Flaviviruses excluding dengue
- 7.5.15 Dengue
- 7.5.16 Bunyaviridae
- 7.5.17 Arenaviruses
- 7.5.18 Filoviruses
- 7.5.19 Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses
- 7.5.20 Parvovirus B19
- 7.5.21 Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus)
- 7.5.22 Hepatitis C
- 7.5.23 HIV/AIDS
- 7.5.24 HIV in the developing world
- 7.5.25 HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and associated diseases
- 7.5.26 Viruses and cancer
- 7.5.27 Orf
- 7.5.28 Molluscum contagiosum
- 7.5.29 Newly discovered viruses
- 7.5 Viruses
- 7.6 Bacteria
- 7.6 Bacteria
- 7.6.1 Diphtheria
- 7.6.2 Streptococci and enterococci
- 7.6.3 Pneumococcal infections
- 7.6.4 Staphylococci
- 7.6.5 Meningococcal infections
- 7.6.6 Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- 7.6.7 Enterobacteria
- 7.6.7 Enterobacteria
- 7.6.7.1 Enterobacteria and bacterial food poisoning
- 7.6.7.2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- 7.6.7 Enterobacteria
- 7.6.8 Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers
- 7.6.9 Intracellular klebsiella infections (donovanosis and rhinoscleroma)
- 7.6.10 Anaerobic bacteria
- 7.6.11 Cholera
- 7.6.12 Haemophilus influenzae
- 7.6.13 Haemophilus ducreyi and chancroid
- 7.6.14 Bordetella infection
- 7.6.15 Melioidosis and glanders
- 7.6.16 Plague: Yersinia pestis
- 7.6.17 Other Yersinia infections: yersiniosis
- 7.6.18 Pasteurella
- 7.6.19 Francisella tularensis infection
- 7.6.20 Anthrax
- 7.6.21 Brucellosis
- 7.6.22 Tetanus
- 7.6.23 Clostridium difficile
- 7.6.24 Botulism, gas gangrene, and clostridial gastrointestinal infections
- 7.6.25 Tuberculosis
- 7.6.26 Disease caused by environmental mycobacteria
- 7.6.27 Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)
- 7.6.28 Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans infection
- 7.6.29 Actinomycoses
- 7.6.30 Nocardiosis
- 7.6.31 Rat-bite fevers
- 7.6.32 Lyme borreliosis
- 7.6.33 Relapsing fevers
- 7.6.34 Leptospirosis
- 7.6.35 Nonvenereal endemic treponematoses: yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pinta
- 7.6.36 Syphilis
- 7.6.37 Listeriosis
- 7.6.38 Legionellosis and legionnaires’ disease
- 7.6.39 Rickettsioses
- 7.6.40 Scrub typhus
- 7.6.41 Coxiella burnetii infections (Q fever)
- 7.6.42 Bartonellas excluding B. bacilliformis
- 7.6.43 Bartonella bacilliformis infection
- 7.6.44 Chlamydial infections
- 7.6.45 Mycoplasmas
- 7.6.46 A check list of bacteria associated with infection in humans
- 7.6 Bacteria
- 7.7 Fungi (mycoses)
- 7.7 Fungi (mycoses)
- 7.7.1 Fungal infections
- 7.7.2 Cryptococcosis
- 7.7.3 Coccidioidomycosis
- 7.7.4 Paracoccidioidomycosis
- 7.7.5 Pneumocystis jirovecii
- 7.7.6 Penicillium marneffei infection
- 7.7 Fungi (mycoses)
- 7.8 Protozoa
- 7.8 Protozoa
- 7.8.1 Amoebic infections
- 7.8.2 Malaria
- 7.8.3 Babesiosis
- 7.8.4 Toxoplasmosis
- 7.8.5 Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis
- 7.8.6 Cyclospora and cyclosporiasis
- 7.8.7 Sarcocystosis (sarcosporidiosis)
- 7.8.8 Giardiasis, balantidiasis, isosporiasis, and microsporidiosis
- 7.8.9 Blastocystis hominis infection
- 7.8.10 Human African trypanosomiasis
- 7.8.11 Chagas disease
- 7.8.12 Leishmaniasis
- 7.8.13 Trichomoniasis
- 7.8 Protozoa
- 7.9 Nematodes (roundworms)
- 7.9 Nematodes (roundworms)
- 7.9.1 Cutaneous filariasis
- 7.9.2 Lymphatic filariasis
- 7.9.3 Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis)
- 7.9.4 Strongyloidiasis, hookworm, and other gut strongyloid nematodes
- 7.9.5 Gut and tissue nematode infections acquired by ingestion
- 7.9.6 Parastrongyliasis (angiostrongyliasis)
- 7.9.7 Gnathostomiasis
- 7.9 Nematodes (roundworms)
- 7.10 Cestodes (tapeworms)
- 7.10 Cestodes (tapeworms)
- 7.10.1 Cystic hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus)
- 7.10.2 Cyclophyllidian gut tapeworms
- 7.10.3 Cysticercosis
- 7.10.4 Diphyllobothriasis and sparganosis
- 7.10 Cestodes (tapeworms)
- 7.11 Trematodes (flukes)
- 7.11 Trematodes (flukes)
- 7.11.1 Schistosomiasis
- 7.11.2 Liver fluke infections
- 7.11.3 Lung flukes (paragonimiasis)
- 7.11.4 Intestinal trematodeinfections
- 7.11 Trematodes (flukes)
- 7.12 Nonvenomous arthropods
- 7.13 Pentastomiasis (porocephalosis, linguatulosis/linguatuliasis)
- 7.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host
- 7 Infection
- 8 Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual health
- 8 Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual health
- 8.1 Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections
- 8.2 Sexual behaviour
- 8.3 Sexual history and examination
- 8.4 Vaginal discharge
- 8.5 Pelvic inflammatory disease
- 8.6 Principles of contraception
- 8 Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual health
- 9 Chemical and physical injuries and environmental factors and disease
- 9 Chemical and physical injuries and environmental factors and disease
- 9.1 Poisoning by drugs and chemicals
- 9.2 Injuries, envenoming, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by animals
- 9.3 Injuries, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by plants
- 9.3 Injuries, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by plants
- 9.3.1 Poisonous plants and fungi
- 9.3.2 Common Indian poisonous plants
- 9.3 Injuries, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by plants
- 9.4 Occupational health and safety
- 9.4 Occupational health and safety
- 9.4.1 Occupational and environmental health
- 9.4.2 Occupational safety
- 9.4 Occupational health and safety
- 9.5 Environmental diseases
- 9.5 Environmental diseases
- 9.5.1 Heat
- 9.5.2 Cold
- 9.5.3 Drowning
- 9.5.4 Diseases of high terrestrial altitudes
- 9.5.5 Aerospace medicine
- 9.5.6 Diving medicine
- 9.5.7 Lightning and electrical injuries
- 9.5.8 Podoconiosis (nonfilarial elephantiasis)
- 9.5.9 Radiation
- 9.5.10 Noise
- 9.5.11 Vibration
- 9.5.12 Disasters: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, and floods
- 9.5.13 Bioterrorism
- 9.5 Environmental diseases
- 9 Chemical and physical injuries and environmental factors and disease
- 10 Clinical pharmacology
- 10 Clinical pharmacology
- 10.1 Principles of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy
- 10 Clinical pharmacology
- 11 Nutrition
- 11 Nutrition
- 11.1 Nutrition: macronutrient metabolism
- 11.2 Vitamins and trace elements
- 11.3 Severe malnutrition
- 11.4 Diseases of overnourished societies and the need for dietary change
- 11.5 Obesity
- 11.6 Artificial nutrition support
- 11 Nutrition
- 12 Metabolic disorders
- 12 Metabolic disorders
- 12.1 The inborn errors of metabolism: general aspects
- 12.2 Protein-dependent inborn errors of metabolism
- 12.3 Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
- 12.3 Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
- 12.3.1 Glycogen storage diseases
- 12.3.2 Inborn errors of fructose metabolism
- 12.3.3 Disorders of galactose, pentose, and pyruvate metabolism
- 12.3 Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
- 12.4 Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism
- 12.5 The porphyrias
- 12.6 Lipid and lipoprotein disorders
- 12.7 Trace metal disorders
- 12.7 Trace metal disorders
- 12.7.1 Hereditary haemochromatosis
- 12.7.2 Inherited diseases of copper metabolism: Wilson’s disease and Menkes’ disease
- 12.7 Trace metal disorders
- 12.8 Lysosomal disease
- 12.9 Disorders of peroxisomal metabolism in adults
- 12.10 Hereditary disorders of oxalate metabolism—the primary hyperoxalurias
- 12.11 Disturbances of acid–base homeostasis
- 12.12 The acute phase response, amyloidoses and familial Mediterranean fever
- 12.12 The acute phase response, amyloidoses and familial Mediterranean fever
- 12.12.1 The acute phase response and C-reactive protein
- 12.12.2 Hereditary periodic fever syndromes
- 12.12.3 Amyloidosis
- 12.12 The acute phase response, amyloidoses and familial Mediterranean fever
- 12.13 α1-Antitrypsin deficiency and the serpinopathies
- 12 Metabolic disorders
- 13 Endocrine disorders
- 13 Endocrine disorders
- 13.1 Principles of hormone action
- 13.2 Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland
- 13.3 Disorders of the posterior pituitary gland
- 13.4 The thyroid gland and disorders of thyroid function
- 13.5 Thyroid cancer
- 13.6 Parathyroid disorders and diseases altering calcium metabolism
- 13.7 Adrenal disorders
- 13.7 Adrenal disorders
- 13.7.1 Disorders of the adrenal cortex
- 13.7.2 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- 13.7 Adrenal disorders
- 13.8 The reproductive system
- 13.8 The reproductive system
- 13.8.1 Ovarian disorders
- 13.8.2 Disorders of male reproduction
- 13.8.3 Breast cancer
- 13.8.4 Benign breast disease
- 13.8.5 Sexual dysfunction
- 13.8 The reproductive system
- 13.9 Disorders of growth and development
- 13.9 Disorders of growth and development
- 13.9.1 Normal growth and its disorders
- 13.9.2 Puberty
- 13.9.3 Normal and abnormal sexual differentiation
- 13.9 Disorders of growth and development
- 13.10 Pancreatic endocrine disorders and multiple endocrine neoplasia
- 13.11 Disorders of glucose homeostasis
- 13.11 Disorders of glucose homeostasis
- 13.11.1 Diabetes
- 13.11.2 Hypoglycaemia
- 13.11 Disorders of glucose homeostasis
- 13.12 Hormonal manifestations of nonendocrine disease
- 13.13 The pineal gland and melatonin
- 13 Endocrine disorders
- 14 Medical disorders in pregnancy
- 14 Medical disorders in pregnancy
- 14.1 Physiological changes of normal pregnancy
- 14.2 Nutrition in pregnancy
- 14.3 Medical management of normal pregnancy
- 14.4 Hypertension in pregnancy
- 14.5 Renal disease in pregnancy
- 14.6 Heart disease in pregnancy
- 14.7 Thrombosis in pregnancy
- 14.8 Chest diseases in pregnancy
- 14.9 Liver and gastrointestinal diseases in pregnancy
- 14.10 Diabetes in pregnancy
- 14.11 Endocrine disease in pregnancy
- 14.12 Neurological disease in pregnancy
- 14.13 The skin in pregnancy
- 14.14 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitis in pregnancy
- 14.15 Infections in pregnancy
- 14.16 Blood disorders specific to pregnancy
- 14.17 Malignant disease in pregnancy
- 14.18 Prescribing in pregnancy
- 14.19 Benefits and risks of oral contraception
- 14.20 Benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy
- 14 Medical disorders in pregnancy
- 15 Gastroenterological disorders
- 15 Gastroenterological disorders
- 15.1 Structure and function of the gut
- 15.2 Symptomatology of gastrointestinal disease
- 15.3 Methods for investigation of gastrointestinal disease
- 15.3 Methods for investigation of gastrointestinal disease
- 15.3.1 Colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy
- 15.3.2 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
- 15.3.3 Radiology of the gastrointestinal tract
- 15.3.4 Investigation of gastrointestinal function
- 15.3 Methods for investigation of gastrointestinal disease
- 15.4 Common acute abdominal presentations
- 15.4 Common acute abdominal presentations
- 15.4.1 The acute abdomen
- 15.4.2 Gastrointestinal bleeding
- 15.4 Common acute abdominal presentations
- 15.5 Immune disorders of the gastrointestinal tract
- 15.6 The mouth and salivary glands
- 15.7 Diseases of the oesophagus
- 15.8 Peptic ulcer disease
- 15.9 Hormones and the gastrointestinal tract
- 15.10 Malabsorption
- 15.10 Malabsorption
- 15.10.1 Differential diagnosis and investigation of malabsorption
- 15.10.2 Small-bowel bacterial overgrowth
- 15.10.3 Coeliac disease
- 15.10.4 Gastrointestinal lymphoma
- 15.10.5 Disaccharidase deficiency
- 15.10.6 Whipple’s disease
- 15.10.7 Effects of massive small bowel resection
- 15.10.8 Malabsorption syndromes in the tropics
- 15.10 Malabsorption
- 15.11 Crohn’s disease
- 15.12 Ulcerative colitis
- 15.13 Irritable bowel syndrome and functional bowel disorders
- 15.14 Colonic diverticular disease
- 15.15 Congenital abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract
- 15.16 Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract
- 15.17 Vascular and collagen disorders
- 15.18 Gastrointestinal infections
- 15.19 Structure and function of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas
- 15.20 Jaundice
- 15.21 Hepatitis and autoimmune liver disease
- 15.21 Hepatitis and autoimmune liver disease
- 15.21.1 Viral hepatitis—clinical aspects
- 15.21.2 Autoimmune hepatitis
- 15.21.3 Primary biliary cirrhosis
- 15.21.4 Primary sclerosing cholangitis
- 15.21 Hepatitis and autoimmune liver disease
- 15.22 Other disorders of the liver
- 15.22 Other disorders of the liver
- 15.22.1 Alcoholic liver disease
- 15.22.2 Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- 15.22.3 Cirrhosis and ascites
- 15.22.4 Hepatocellular failure
- 15.22.5 Liver transplantation
- 15.22.6 Liver tumours—primary and secondary
- 15.22.7 Hepatic granulomas
- 15.22.8 Drugs and liver damage
- 15.22.9 The liver in systemic disease
- 15.22 Other disorders of the liver
- 15.23 Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tree
- 15.24 Diseases of the pancreas
- 15.24 Diseases of the pancreas
- 15.24.1 Acute pancreatitis
- 15.24.2 Chronic pancreatitis
- 15.24.3 Tumours of the pancreas
- 15.24 Diseases of the pancreas
- 15.25 Congenital disorders of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas
- 15.26 Miscellaneous disorders of the bowel and liver
- 15 Gastroenterological disorders
- 16 Cardiovascular disorders
- 16 Cardiovascular disorders
- 16.1 Structure and function
- 16.1 Structure and function
- 16.1.1 Blood vessels and the endothelium
- 16.1.2 Cardiac myocytes and the cardiac action potential
- 16.1.3 Clinical physiology of the normal heart
- 16.1 Structure and function
- 16.2 Clinical presentation of heart disease
- 16.2 Clinical presentation of heart disease
- 16.2.1 Chest pain, breathlessness, and fatigue
- 16.2.2 Syncope and palpitations
- 16.2 Clinical presentation of heart disease
- 16.3 Clinical investigation of cardiac disorders
- 16.3 Clinical investigation of cardiac disorders
- 16.3.1 Electrocardiography
- 16.3.2 Echocardiography
- 16.3.3 Cardiac investigation—nuclear and other imaging techniques
- 16.3.4 Cardiac catheterization and angiography
- 16.3 Clinical investigation of cardiac disorders
- 16.4 Cardiac arrhythmias
- 16.5 Cardiac failure
- 16.5 Cardiac failure
- 16.5.1 Clinical features and medical treatments
- 16.5.2 Cardiac transplantation and mechanical circulatory support
- 16.5 Cardiac failure
- 16.6 Heart valve disease
- 16.7 Diseases of heart muscle
- 16.7 Diseases of heart muscle
- 16.7.1 Myocarditis
- 16.7.2 The cardiomyopathies: hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive, and right ventricular
- 16.7.3 Specific heart muscle disorders
- 16.7 Diseases of heart muscle
- 16.8 Pericardial disease
- 16.9 Cardiac involvement in infectious disease
- 16.9 Cardiac involvement in infectious disease
- 16.9.1 Acute rheumatic fever
- 16.9.2 Infective endocarditis
- 16.9.3 Cardiac disease in HIV infection
- 16.9.4 Cardiovascular syphilis
- 16.9 Cardiac involvement in infectious disease
- 16.10 Tumours of the heart
- 16.11 Cardiac involvement in genetic disease
- 16.12 Congenital heart disease in the adult
- 16.13 Coronary heart disease
- 16.13 Coronary heart disease
- 16.13.1 Biology and pathology of atherosclerosis
- 16.13.2 Coronary heart disease: epidemiology and prevention
- 16.13.3 Influences acting in utero and in early childhood
- 16.13.4 Management of stable angina
- 16.13.5 Management of acute coronary syndrome
- 16.13.6 Percutaneous interventional cardiac procedures
- 16.13.7 Coronary artery bypass surgery
- 16.13.8 The impact of coronary heart disease on life and work
- 16.13 Coronary heart disease
- 16.14 Diseases of the arteries
- 16.14 Diseases of the arteries
- 16.14.1 Thoracic aortic dissection
- 16.14.2 Peripheral arterial disease
- 16.14.3 Cholesterol embolism
- 16.14.4 Takayasu’s arteritis
- 16.14 Diseases of the arteries
- 16.15 The pulmonary circulation
- 16.15 The pulmonary circulation
- 16.15.1 Structure and function
- 16.15.2 Pulmonary hypertension
- 16.15.3 Pulmonary oedema
- 16.15 The pulmonary circulation
- 16.16 Venous thromboembolism
- 16.16 Venous thromboembolism
- 16.16.1 Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
- 16.16.2 Therapeutic anticoagulation
- 16.16 Venous thromboembolism
- 16.17 Hypertension
- 16.17 Hypertension
- 16.17.1 Essential hypertension—definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology
- 16.17.2 Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of essential hypertension
- 16.17.3 Secondary hypertension
- 16.17.4 Mendelian disorders causing hypertension
- 16.17.5 Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies
- 16.17 Hypertension
- 16.18 Chronic peripheral oedema and lymphoedema
- 16.19 Idiopathic oedema of women
- 16.1 Structure and function
- 16 Cardiovascular disorders
- 17 Critical care medicine
- 17 Critical care medicine
- 17.1 Cardiac arrest
- 17.2 Anaphylaxis
- 17.3 The clinical approach to the patient who is very ill
- 17.4 Circulation and circulatory support in the critically ill
- 17.5 Acute respiratory failure
- 17.6 Management of raised intracranial pressure
- 17.7 Sedation and analgesia in the critically ill
- 17.8 Discontinuing treatment of the critically ill patient
- 17.9 Brainstem death and organ donation
- 17 Critical care medicine
- 18 Respiratory disorders
- 18 Respiratory disorders
- 18.1 Structure and function
- 18.1 Structure and function
- 18.1.1 The upper respiratory tract
- 18.1.2 Airways and alveoli
- 18.1 Structure and function
- 18.2 The clinical presentation of respiratory disease
- 18.3 Clinical investigation of respiratory disorders
- 18.3 Clinical investigation of respiratory disorders
- 18.3.1 Respiratory function tests
- 18.3.2 Thoracic imaging
- 18.3.3 Bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, and tissue biopsy
- 18.3 Clinical investigation of respiratory disorders
- 18.4 Respiratory infection
- 18.4 Respiratory infection
- 18.4.1 Upper respiratory tract infections
- 18.4.2 Pneumonia in the normal host
- 18.4.3 Nosocomial pneumonia
- 18.4.4 Pulmonary complications of HIV infection
- 18.4 Respiratory infection
- 18.5 The upper respiratory tract
- 18.5 The upper respiratory tract
- 18.5.1 Upper airways obstruction
- 18.5.2 Sleep-related disorders of breathing
- 18.5 The upper respiratory tract
- 18.6 Allergic rhinitis
- 18.7 Asthma
- 18.8 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- 18.9 Bronchiectasis
- 18.10 Cystic fibrosis
- 18.11 Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases
- 18.11 Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases
- 18.11.1 Diffuse parenchymal lung disease: an introduction
- 18.11.2 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- 18.11.3 Bronchiolitis obliterans and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
- 18.11.4 The lung in autoimmune rheumatic disorders
- 18.11.5 The lung in vasculitis
- 18.11 Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases
- 18.12 Sarcoidosis
- 18.13 Pneumoconioses
- 18.14 Miscellaneous conditions
- 18.14 Miscellaneous conditions
- 18.14.1 Pulmonary haemorrhagic disorders
- 18.14.2 Eosinophilic pneumonia
- 18.14.3 Lymphocytic infiltrations of the lung
- 18.14.4 Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
- 18.14.5 Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis
- 18.14.6 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
- 18.14.7 Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
- 18.14.8 Pulmonary amyloidosis
- 18.14.9 Lipoid (lipid) pneumonia
- 18.14.10 Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis
- 18.14.11 Toxic gases and aerosols
- 18.14.12 Radiation pneumonitis
- 18.14.13 Drug-induced lung disease
- 18.14 Miscellaneous conditions
- 18.15 Chronic respiratory failure
- 18.16 Lung transplantation
- 18.17 Pleural diseases
- 18.18 Disorders of the thoracic cage and diaphragm
- 18.19 Malignant diseases
- 18.19 Malignant diseases
- 18.19.1 Lung cancer
- 18.19.2 Pulmonary metastases
- 18.19.3 Pleural tumours
- 18.19.4 Mediastinal cysts and tumours
- 18.19 Malignant diseases
- 18.1 Structure and function
- 18 Respiratory disorders
- 19 Rheumatological disorders
- 19 Rheumatological disorders
- 19.1 Structure and function: joints and connective tissue
- 19.2 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of rheumatic disease
- 19.3 Clinical investigation
- 19.4 Back pain and regional disorders
- 19.5 Rheumatoid arthritis
- 19.6 Ankylosing spondylitis, other spondyloarthritides, and related conditions
- 19.7 Pyogenic arthritis
- 19.8 Reactive arthritis
- 19.9 Osteoarthritis
- 19.10 Crystal-related arthropathies
- 19.11 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitides
- 19.11 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitides
- 19.11.1 Introduction
- 19.11.2 Systemic lupus erythematosus and related disorders
- 19.11.3 Systemic sclerosis
- 19.11.4 Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis
- 19.11.5 Behçet’s syndrome
- 19.11.6 Sjögren’s syndrome
- 19.11.7 Polymyositis and dermatomyositis
- 19.11.8 Kawasaki’s disease
- 19.11 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitides
- 19.12 Miscellaneous conditions presenting to the rheumatologist
- 19 Rheumatological disorders
- 20 Disorders of the skeleton
- 20 Disorders of the skeleton
- 20.1 Skeletal disorders—general approach and clinical conditions
- 20.2 Inherited defects of connective tissue: Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum
- 20.3 Osteomyelitis
- 20.4 Osteoporosis
- 20.5 Osteonecrosis, osteochondrosis, and osteochondritis dissecans
- 20 Disorders of the skeleton
- 21 Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract
- 21 Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract
- 21.1 Structure and function of the kidney
- 21.2 Electrolyte disorders
- 21.2 Electrolyte disorders
- 21.2.1 Disorders of water and sodium homeostasis
- 21.2.2 Disorders of potassium homeostasis
- 21.2 Electrolyte disorders
- 21.3 Clinical presentation of renal disease
- 21.4 Clinical investigation of renal disease
- 21.5 Acute kidney injury
- 21.6 Chronic kidney disease
- 21.7 Renal replacement therapy
- 21.7 Renal replacement therapy
- 21.7.1 Haemodialysis
- 21.7.2 Peritoneal dialysis
- 21.7.3 Renal transplantation
- 21.7 Renal replacement therapy
- 21.8 Glomerular diseases
- 21.8 Glomerular diseases
- 21.8.1 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy and Henoch–Schönlein purpura
- 21.8.2 Thin membrane nephropathy
- 21.8.3 Minimal-change nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- 21.8.4 Membranous nephropathy
- 21.8.5 Proliferative glomerulonephritis
- 21.8.6 Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis
- 21.8.7 Antiglomerular basement membrane disease
- 21.8 Glomerular diseases
- 21.9 Tubulointerstitial diseases
- 21.9 Tubulointerstitial diseases
- 21.9.1 Acute interstitial nephritis
- 21.9.2 Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis
- 21.9 Tubulointerstitial diseases
- 21.10 The kidney in systemic disease
- 21.10 The kidney in systemic disease
- 21.10.1 Diabetes mellitus and the kidney
- 21.10.2 The kidney in systemic vasculitis
- 21.10.3 The kidney in rheumatological disorders
- 21.10.4 Renal involvement in plasma cell dyscrasias, immunoglobulin-based amyloidoses, and fibrillary glomerulopathies, lymphomas, and leukaemias
- 21.10.5 Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
- 21.10.6 Sickle-cell disease and the kidney
- 21.10.7 Infection-associated nephropathies
- 21.10.8 Malignancy-associated renal disease
- 21.10.9 Atherosclerotic renovascular disease
- 21.10 The kidney in systemic disease
- 21.11 Renal diseases in the tropics
- 21.12 Renal involvement in genetic disease
- 21.13 Urinary tract infection
- 21.14 Disorders of renal calcium handling, urinary stones, and nephrocalcinosis
- 21.15 The renal tubular acidoses
- 21.16 Disorders of tubular electrolyte handling
- 21.17 Urinary tract obstruction
- 21.18 Malignant diseases of the urinary tract
- 21.19 Drugs and the kidney
- 21 Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract
- 22 Disorders of the blood
- 22 Disorders of the blood
- 22.1 Introduction
- 22.2 Haemopoietic stem cells
- 22.2 Haemopoietic stem cells
- 22.2.1 Stem cells and haemopoiesis
- 22.2.2 Haemopoietic stem cell disorders
- 22.2 Haemopoietic stem cells
- 22.3 The leukaemias and other bone marrow disorders
- 22.3 The leukaemias and other bone marrow disorders
- 22.3.1 Cell and molecular biology of human leukaemias
- 22.3.2 The classification of leukaemia
- 22.3.3 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
- 22.3.4 Acute myeloid leukaemia
- 22.3.5 Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and other leukaemias of mature B and T cells
- 22.3.6 Chronic myeloid leukaemia
- 22.3.7 Myelodysplasia
- 22.3.8 The polycythaemias
- 22.3.9 Idiopathic myelofibrosis
- 22.3.10 Thrombocytosis
- 22.3.11 Aplastic anaemia and other causes of bone marrow failure
- 22.3.12 Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
- 22.3 The leukaemias and other bone marrow disorders
- 22.4 The white cells and lymphoproliferative disorders
- 22.4 The white cells and lymphoproliferative disorders
- 22.4.1 Leucocytes in health and disease
- 22.4.2 Introduction to the lymphoproliferative disorders
- 22.4.3 Lymphoma
- 22.4.4 The spleen and its disorders
- 22.4.5 Myeloma and paraproteinaemias
- 22.4.6 Eosinophilia
- 22.4.7 Histiocytoses
- 22.4 The white cells and lymphoproliferative disorders
- 22.5 The red cell
- 22.5 The red cell
- 22.5.1 Erythropoiesis and the normal red cell
- 22.5.2 Anaemia: pathophysiology, classification, and clinical features
- 22.5.3 Anaemia as a challenge to world health
- 22.5.4 Iron metabolism and its disorders
- 22.5.5 Normochromic, normocytic anaemia
- 22.5.6 Megaloblastic anaemia and miscellaneous deficiency anaemias
- 22.5.7 Disorders of the synthesis or function of haemoglobin
- 22.5.8 Anaemias resulting from defective maturation of red cells
- 22.5.9 Haemolytic anaemia—congenital and acquired
- 22.5.10 Disorders of the red cell membrane
- 22.5.11 Erythrocyte enzymopathies
- 22.5.12 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
- 22.5 The red cell
- 22.6 Haemostasis and thrombosis
- 22.6 Haemostasis and thrombosis
- 22.6.1 The biology of haemostasis and thrombosis
- 22.6.2 Evaluation of the patient with a bleeding tendency
- 22.6.3 Disorders of platelet number and function
- 22.6.4 Genetic disorders of coagulation
- 22.6.5 Acquired coagulation disorders
- 22.6 Haemostasis and thrombosis
- 22.7 The blood in systemic disease
- 22.8 Blood replacement
- 22.8 Blood replacement
- 22.8.1 Blood transfusion
- 22.8.2 Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation
- 22.8 Blood replacement
- 22 Disorders of the blood
- 23 Disorders of the skin
- 23 Disorders of the skin
- 23.1 Structure and function of skin
- 23.2 Clinical approach to the diagnosis of skin disease
- 23.3 Inherited skin disease
- 23.4 Vesiculobullous disease
- 23.5 Papulosquamous disease
- 23.6 Dermatitis/eczema
- 23.7 Cutaneous vasculitis, connective tissue diseases, and urticaria
- 23.8 Disorders of pigmentation
- 23.9 Photosensitivity
- 23.10 Infections and the skin
- 23.11 Sebaceous and sweat gland disorders
- 23.12 Blood and lymphatic vessel disorders
- 23.13 Hair and nail disorders
- 23.14 Tumours of the skin
- 23.15 Skin and systemic diseases
- 23.16 Cutaneous reactions to drugs
- 23.17 Management of skin disease
- 23 Disorders of the skin
- 24 Neurological disorders
- 24 Neurological disorders
- 24.1 Introduction and approach to the patient with neurological disease
- 24.2 Mind and brain: building bridges linking neurology, psychiatry, and psychology
- 24.3 Clinical investigation of neurological disease
- 24.3 Clinical investigation of neurological disease
- 24.3.1 Lumbar puncture
- 24.3.2 Electrophysiology of the central and peripheral nervous systems
- 24.3.3 Imaging in neurological diseases
- 24.3.4 Investigation of central motor pathways: magnetic brain stimulation
- 24.3 Clinical investigation of neurological disease
- 24.4 Higher cerebral function
- 24.4 Higher cerebral function
- 24.4.1 Disturbances of higher cerebral function
- 24.4.2 Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
- 24.4 Higher cerebral function
- 24.5
Epilepsy and disorders of consciousness
- 24.5 Epilepsy and disorders of consciousness
- 24.5.1 Epilepsy in later childhood and adulthood
- 24.5.2 Narcolepsy
- 24.5.3 Sleep disorders
- 24.5.4 Syncope
- 24.5.5 The unconscious patient
- 24.5.6 Brain death and the vegetative state
- 24.5 Epilepsy and disorders of consciousness
- 24.6 Disorders of the special senses
- 24.6 Disorders of the special senses
- 24.6.1 Visual pathways
- 24.6.2 Eye movements and balance
- 24.6.3 Hearing
- 24.6 Disorders of the special senses
- 24.7
Disorders of movement
- 24.7 Disorders of movement
- 24.7.1 Subcortical structures: the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and thalamus
- 24.7.2 Parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal diseases
- 24.7.3 Movement disorders other than Parkinson’s disease
- 24.7.4 Ataxic disorders
- 24.7 Disorders of movement
- 24.8 Headache
- 24.9 Brainstem syndromes
- 24.10 Specific conditions affecting the central nervous system
- 24.10 Specific conditions affecting the central nervous system
- 24.10.1 Stroke: cerebrovascular disease
- 24.10.2 Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system
- 24.10.3 Traumatic injuries to the head
- 24.10.4 Intracranial tumours
- 24.10.5 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
- 24.10 Specific conditions affecting the central nervous system
- 24.11 Infections of the central nervous system
- 24.11 Infections of the central nervous system
- 24.11.1 Bacterial infections
- 24.11.2 Viral infections
- 24.11.3 Intracranial abscesses
- 24.11.4 Neurosyphilis and neuro-AIDS
- 24.11.5 Human prion diseases
- 24.11 Infections of the central nervous system
- 24.12 Disorders of cranial nerves
- 24.13 Disorders of the spinal cord
- 24.13 Disorders of the spinal cord
- 24.13.1 Diseases of the spinal cord
- 24.13.2 Spinal cord injury and its management
- 24.13 Disorders of the spinal cord
- 24.14 Diseases of the autonomic nervous system
- 24.15 The motor neuron diseases
- 24.16 Diseases of the peripheral nerves
- 24.17 Inherited neurodegenerative diseases
- 24.18 Developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system
- 24.19 Acquired metabolic disorders and the nervous system
- 24.20 Neurological complications of systemic disease
- 24.21 Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes
- 24.22 Autoimmune limbic encephalitis and Morvan’s syndrome
- 24.23 Disorders of the neuromuscular junction
- 24.24 Disorders of muscle
- 24.24 Disorders of muscle
- 24.24.1 Structure and function of muscle
- 24.24.2 Muscular dystrophy
- 24.24.3 Myotonia
- 24.24.4 Metabolic and endocrine disorders
- 24.24.5 Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies
- 24.24.6 Primary (tropical) pyomyositis
- 24.24 Disorders of muscle
- 24 Neurological disorders
- 25 The eye
- 25 The eye
- 25.1 The eye in general medicine
- 25 The eye
- 26 Psychiatry and drug related problems
- 26 Psychiatry and drug related problems
- 26.1 General introduction
- 26.2 Taking a psychiatric history from a medical patient
- 26.3 Acute behavioural emergencies
- 26.4 Neuropsychiatric disorders
- 26.5 Psychiatric disorders as they concern the physician
- 26.5 Psychiatric disorders as they concern the physician
- 26.5.1 Grief, stress, and post-traumatic stress disorder
- 26.5.2 The patient who has attempted suicide
- 26.5.3 Medically unexplained symptoms in patients attending medical clinics
- 26.5.4 Chronic fatigue syndrome (postviral fatigue syndrome, neurasthenia, and myalgic encephalomyelitis)
- 26.5.5 Anxiety and depression
- 26.5.6 Eating disorders
- 26.5.7 Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and personality disorder
- 26.5 Psychiatric disorders as they concern the physician
- 26.6 Psychiatric treatments
- 26.6 Psychiatric treatments
- 26.6.1 Psychopharmacology in medical practice
- 26.6.2 Psychological treatment in medical practice
- 26.6 Psychiatric treatments
- 26.7 Alcohol and drug-relatedproblems
- 26.7 Alcohol and drug-relatedproblems
- 26.7.1 Alcohol and drug dependence
- 26.7.2 Brief interventions against excessive alcohol consumption
- 26.7 Alcohol and drug-relatedproblems
- 26 Psychiatry and drug related problems
- 27 Forensic medicine
- 27 Forensic medicine
- 27.1 Forensic medicine and the practising doctor
- 27 Forensic medicine
- 28 Sports medicine
- 28 Sports medicine
- 28.1 Sports and exercise medicine
- 28 Sports medicine
- 29 Geratology
- 29 Geratology
- 29.1 Medicine in old age
- 29.2 Mental disorders of old age
- 29 Geratology
- 30 Pain
- 30 Pain
- 30.1 Dealing with pain
- 30 Pain
- 31 Palliative medicine
- 31 Palliative medicine
- 31.1 Palliative care
- 31 Palliative medicine
- 32 Biochemistry in medicine
- 32 Biochemistry in medicine
- 32.1 Biochemistry in medicine—reference intervals: the use of biochemical analysis for diagnosis and management
- 32 Biochemistry in medicine
- 33 Acute medicine
- 33 Acute medicine
- 33.1 Acute medical presentations
- 33.2 Practical procedures
- 33 Acute medicine
- Disclaimer
-
Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work.
© Oxford University Press 2010
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